Langy switch4/2/2023 ![]() These processes are far from being effortless. In visual word recognition, language control indicates the ability to understand the meaning of written words belonging to a certain language, while reducing interference from the non-target language. In spoken word production, language control refers to the capacity of a bilingual person to speak in the intended language, while avoiding interferences from the non-intended language. To investigate language control, most of the studies have focused their attention on spoken (but not written) word production and visual (but not spoken) word recognition. Language Control in Production and Recognition The present paper focusses on bilingual language control in production and recognition. Moreover, language production and recognition have been often investigated separately, leaving unclear whether the two processes rely on the same or different mechanisms. Despite the importance of this phenomenon, research on language control has predominantly concentrated on language production (e.g., Meuter and Allport, 1999 Jackson et al., 2001 Costa and Santesteban, 2004 La Heij, 2005 Finkbeiner et al., 2006 Abutalebi and Green, 2007, 2008 Gollan and Ferreira, 2009 Calabria et al., 2012 Linck et al., 2012 Filippi et al., 2014 Goldrick et al., 2014), while much less attention has been devoted to language recognition (e.g., Grainger and Beauvillain, 1987 von Studnitz and Green, 1997, 2002 Thomas and Allport, 2000 Orfanidou and Sumner, 2005 Wang, 2015). The ability to confine processing to the relevant language is called “language control” and is essential for successful communication. This can happen while speaking, but also during writing, listening and reading. When a speaker of more than one language (hereafter “bilingual”) processes a language, words from the non-relevant language might be activated and interfere. This difference indicates that bilingual language recognition and production might rely on different processing mechanisms and cannot be accounted within one of the existing models of bilingual language processing. Results suggest that while in language recognition the amount of inhibition applied to the non-appropriate language increases along with its dominance as predicted by the IC model, in production the amount of inhibition applied to the non-relevant language is not related to language dominance, but rather it may be modulated by speakers' unconscious strategies to foster the weaker language. Specifically, language switching costs were measured while participants performed a lexical decision (recognition) and a picture naming (production) task involving language switching. To investigate whether bilingual language production and recognition can be accounted for by a single model of bilingual processing, we tested a group of native speakers of Dutch (L1), advanced speakers of English (L2) in a bilingual recognition and production task. In contrast, the Bilingual Interactive Activation (BIA) model proposes that, in language recognition, the amount of inhibition on the weaker language is stronger than otherwise. The Inhibitory Control (IC) model suggests that, in both production and recognition, the amount of inhibition on the non-target language is greater for the stronger compared to the weaker language. Two prominent models are considered which assume that when one language is in use, the other is suppressed. This study aims at assessing how bilinguals select words in the appropriate language in production and recognition while minimizing interference from the non-appropriate language. ![]() 3Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.2Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.1International Doctorate for Experimental Approaches to Language and Brain (IDEALAB), University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany / University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands / University of Trento, Trento, Italy / University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom / Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ![]()
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